Ubwongereza nicyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi cyageze ku mashanyarazi ya zeru, kandi ni cyo gihugu cyonyine cyageze ku mpinduka ziva mu mashanyarazi manini y’amashanyarazi akomoka ku makara hamwe na biomass ihujwe n’amashanyarazi kugeza ku makara manini- yirukanye amashanyarazi hamwe na lisansi ya biomass 100%.

Muri 2019, umubare w'ingufu z'amakara mu Bwongereza wagabanutse uva kuri 42.06% muri 2012 ugera kuri 1.9% gusa. Kugeza ubu ingufu z'amakara ziterwa ahanini n’inzibacyuho ihamye kandi itekanye ya gride, kandi amashanyarazi ya biomass ageze kuri 6.25% (Amashanyarazi ya biomass yo mu Bushinwa Amafaranga agera kuri 0,6%). Muri 2020, mu Bwongereza hazasigara amashanyarazi abiri akoreshwa n’amakara (West Burton na Ratcliffe) kugira ngo akomeze gukoresha amakara nka lisansi mu kubyara amashanyarazi. Mu igenamigambi ry’ingufu z’Ubwongereza, ingufu za biomass zizaba 16% mugihe kizaza.

1. Amavu n'amavuko ya biomass ihujwe no kubyara ingufu mubwongereza

Mu 1989, Ubwongereza bwatangaje itegeko rigenga amashanyarazi (itegeko ry’amashanyarazi ryo mu 1989), cyane cyane nyuma y’uko Noe-Fossil Fuel Obligatio (NFFO) ryinjira mu itegeko ry’amashanyarazi, Ubwongereza bwagiye bugira gahunda yuzuye yo gushishikarizwa no guhana ibihano. kubyara ingufu. NFFO itegetswe binyuze mumategeko isaba amashanyarazi yo mubwongereza gutanga ijanisha runaka ryingufu zishobora kongera ingufu cyangwa ingufu za kirimbuzi (kubyara ingufu zidafite ingufu).

Mu 2002, Inshingano Zisubirwamo (RO) zasimbuye Inshingano Zidafite Ibicanwa (NFFO). Hashingiwe ku mwimerere, RO ikuyemo ingufu za kirimbuzi, ikanatanga inguzanyo zisubirwamo (ROCs) (Icyitonderwa: gihwanye n’icyemezo cy’icyatsi kibisi cy’Ubushinwa) ku mashanyarazi yatanzwe n’ingufu zishobora gukoreshwa mu gucunga kandi amashanyarazi asabwa gutanga ijanisha runaka ry’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu. Impamyabumenyi ya ROCs irashobora kugurishwa hagati yabatanga amashanyarazi, kandi ayo masosiyete atanga amashanyarazi adafite ingufu zihagije zishobora kubyara amashanyarazi ashobora kugura ROC zirenze kubindi bigo bitanga amashanyarazi cyangwa agacibwa amande ya leta. Ubwa mbere, ROC imwe yagereranyaga dogere igihumbi zingufu zishobora kongera ingufu. Kugeza 2009, ROC izaba ihindagurika mugupima ukurikije ubwoko butandukanye bwikoranabuhanga rishobora kubyara ingufu. Byongeye kandi, guverinoma y’Ubwongereza yasohoye gahunda y’ingufu z’ibihingwa mu 2001, itanga inkunga ku bahinzi guhinga ibihingwa by’ingufu, nk'ibiti by’ingufu n’ibyatsi by’ingufu.

Mu 2004, Ubwongereza bwashyizeho politiki y’inganda mu rwego rwo gushishikariza amashanyarazi manini manini y’amakara gukora amashanyarazi akomatanya no gukoresha amavuta ya biyomasi mu gupima inkunga. Ibi ni kimwe no mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe by’Uburayi, ariko bitandukanye n’inkunga igihugu cyanjye cyo gutanga ingufu za biomass.

Mu mwaka wa 2012, hamwe n’ibikorwa bya biyomasi byiyongereye, ingufu za biomass zifatanije n’Ubwongereza zahinduye amashanyarazi manini manini y’amakara atwika amavuta ya biomass 100%.

2. Inzira ya tekiniki

Hashingiwe ku bunararibonye n'amasomo yo kubyara ingufu za biyomasi mu Burayi mbere ya 2000, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zo mu Bwongereza zikoresha ingufu za biomass zose zafashe inzira ya tekinoroji yo gutwika. Kuva mu ntangiriro, yafashe muri make kandi yihutira guta biomass yambere cyane no kugabana amakara. Uruganda rwamakara (Co-Milling uruganda rukora amakara), kugeza kuri biomass itwika itaziguye ikomatanya amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi akoreshwa n’amakara, bose bakoresha tekinoroji yo guhuza Co-Feeding cyangwa tekinoroji yo gutwika itanura. Muri icyo gihe, ibyo bigo by’amashanyarazi byongerewe ingufu byanubatse ibikoresho byo kubika, kugaburira, no kugaburira ibicanwa bitandukanye bya biomass, nk’imyanda y’ubuhinzi, ibihingwa by’ingufu, n’imyanda y’amashyamba. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, amashanyarazi manini manini akoreshwa n’amashanyarazi biomass ahujwe no guhindura amashanyarazi arashobora gukoresha mu buryo butaziguye amashyanyarazi ariho, amashanyarazi ya turbine, ibibuga n’ibindi bigo by’amashanyarazi, abakozi b’amashanyarazi, uburyo bwo kubungabunga no gufata neza, ibikoresho bya gride n’amasoko y’amashanyarazi, nibindi. ., ishobora guteza imbere cyane imikoreshereze yikigo Irinda kandi ishoramari ryinshi mu mbaraga nshya no kubaka birenze urugero. Nuburyo bwubukungu cyane bwinzibacyuho cyangwa igice cyo kuva mumakara kijya kubyara ingufu za biomass.

3. Kuyobora umushinga

Mu 2005, ingufu za biomass zifatanije n’amashanyarazi mu Bwongereza zageze kuri miliyari 2.533 kWh, zingana na 14.95% by’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu. Muri 2018 na 2019, ingufu za biomass mu Bwongereza zarenze amashanyarazi. Muri byo, umushinga wambere uyobora uruganda rukora amashanyarazi Drax watanze miliyari zisaga 13 kWh z'amashanyarazi ya biomass mu myaka itatu ikurikiranye.