Ati: “Ibyinshi mu bimera bya pellet ni bito bifite impuzandengo yumwaka ingana na toni 9 000. Nyuma y’ibibazo bya pellet yabuze muri 2013 mugihe byakozwe toni zigera ku 29 000 gusa, umurenge wagaragaje ubwiyongere bukabije bugera kuri toni 88 000 muri 2016 bikaba biteganijwe ko uzagera nibura kuri toni 290 000 muri 2021 ″

Chili ibona 23 ku ijana byingufu zibanze ziva muri biomass. Ibi birimo inkwi, lisansi ikoreshwa cyane mu gushyushya urugo ariko ikanajyana no guhumana kwikirere. Mu myaka yashize, tekinolojiya mishya hamwe n’isuku kandi ikora neza ya lisansi ya biomass, nka pellet, igenda itera imbere ku muvuduko mwiza. Dr Laura Azocar, umushakashatsi muri kaminuza ya La Frontera, atanga ubumenyi ku bijyanye n’imiterere y’amasoko n’ikoranabuhanga bigezweho bijyanye n’umusaruro wa pellet muri Chili.

HAMWE NA DR AZOCAR, gukoresha inkwi nkisoko yambere yingufu ni ikintu cyihariye cya Chili. Ibi bifitanye isano n'imigenzo n'umuco bya Chili, usibye ubwinshi bwa biomass yo mu mashyamba, igiciro kinini cy'ibicanwa biva mu kirere, n'imbeho ikonje n'imvura muri zone yo hagati-y'amajyepfo.

Igihugu cyamashyamba

Kugira ngo aya magambo aboneke, twakagombye kuvuga ko muri iki gihe Chili ifite hegitari miliyoni 17.5 z’amashyamba: ha 82% by’amashyamba karemano, 17% by’ibiti (cyane cyane pinusi na eucalyptus) n’umusaruro uvanze 1 ku ijana.

Ibi bivuze ko n’ubwo iterambere ryihuse ryagaragaye mu gihugu, aho umuturage yinjiza amadolari ya Amerika 21 000 ku mwaka ndetse n’icyizere cyo kubaho imyaka 80, ikomeje kuba iterambere mu bijyanye na sisitemu yo gushyushya amazu.

Mubyukuri, mu mbaraga zose zikoreshwa mu gushyushya, 81 ku ijana ziva mu nkwi, bivuze ko ingo zigera kuri miliyoni 1.7 muri Chili muri iki gihe zikoresha ayo mavuta, zikagera ku mwaka zikoreshwa miriyoni zisaga 11.7 m³ z'ibiti.

Ubundi buryo bwiza

Kurya cyane inkwi bifitanye isano no guhumana kwikirere muri Chili. 56 ku ijana by'abaturage, ni ukuvuga ko abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 10 bahura n’ubushuhe buri mwaka bwa mg 20 kuri m³ y'ibikoresho bito (PM) bitarenze 2.5h00 (PM2.5).

Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyiyi PM2.5 biterwa no gutwika inkwi / Ibi biterwa nimpamvu nyinshi nkibiti byumye nabi, gukora amashyiga make hamwe no kubika amazu nabi. Byongeye kandi, nubwo gutwika inkwi bifatwa nka karuboni ya dioxyde (C02) idafite aho ibogamiye, imikorere mike y’amashyiga yerekanaga imyuka ya C02 ihwanye n’iyasohowe na kerosene n’amashyiga ya gaze.

Mu myaka yashize, kwiyongera k'urwego rw'uburezi muri Chili byatumye umuryango urushaho kugira imbaraga watangiye kwerekana ibyifuzo bijyanye no kubungabunga umurage karemano no kwita ku bidukikije.

Hamwe n’ibyavuzwe haruguru, iterambere ryihuse ry’ubushakashatsi no kubyara imari y’abantu yateye imbere byatumye igihugu gihura n’ibibazo binyuze mu gushakisha ikoranabuhanga rishya n’ibicanwa bishya bikemura ikibazo gikenewe cyo gushyushya urugo. Bumwe muri ubwo buryo bwabaye umusaruro wa pellet.

Zimya

Inyungu zo gukoresha pelleti muri Chili zatangijwe ahagana mu 2009 muri icyo gihe hatangira gutumizwa mu ziko amashyiga ya pellet hamwe n’ibikomoka mu Burayi. Nyamara, igiciro kinini cyo gutumiza mu mahanga byagaragaye ko ari ingorabahizi kandi gufata byatinze.

Mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha imikoreshereze yacyo, Minisiteri y’ibidukikije yatangije gahunda yo gusimbuza amashyiga n’amashyiga mu mwaka wa 2012 ku nzego z’imiturire n’inganda, Bitewe niyi gahunda yo kuzimya, hashyizweho ibice birenga 4000 mu mwaka wa 2012, umubare ukaba wikubye inshuro eshatu kwinjizamo bamwe mubakora ibikoresho byaho.

Kimwe cya kabiri cy’amashyiga hamwe n’amashyiga biboneka mu murenge utuyemo, 28 ku ijana mu bigo bya Leta naho hafi 22 ku ijana mu nganda.

Ntabwo ari ibiti gusa

Pellets zo muri Chili zikorwa cyane cyane muri pinusi ya radiata (Pinus radiata), ubwoko bwibimera bisanzwe. Muri 2017, hari ibihingwa 32 bya pellet bifite ubunini butandukanye byakwirakwijwe mu bice byo hagati no mu majyepfo yigihugu.

- Ibyinshi mu bimera bya pellet ni bito bifite impuzandengo yumwaka ingana na toni 9 000. Dr Azocar yavuze ko nyuma y’ibibazo by’ibura rya pellet mu 2013 igihe byakozwe toni zigera ku 29 000 gusa, umurenge wagaragaje ubwiyongere bukabije bugera kuri toni 88 000 muri 2016 bikaba biteganijwe ko muri 2020 uzagera kuri toni 190 000.

Nubwo ibinyabuzima byinshi byo mu mashyamba ari byinshi, uyu muryango mushya “urambye” wo muri Chili watanze inyungu kuri ba rwiyemezamirimo n'abashakashatsi mu gushakisha ibindi bikoresho fatizo byo gukora ibicanwa bya biomass byuzuye. Hariho ibigo byinshi byubushakashatsi hamwe na za kaminuza byateje imbere ubushakashatsi muriki gice.

Muri kaminuza ya La Frontera, Ikigo gishinzwe imicungire y’imyanda na Bioenergy, kikaba ari icya BIOREN Scientific Nucleus kandi kikaba gifitanye isano n’ishami ry’ubuhanga mu bya shimi, cyashyizeho uburyo bwo gusuzuma kugira ngo hamenyekane inkomoko y’ibinyabuzima bifite ingufu.

Igishishwa cya Hazelnut nicyatsi cyingano

Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ibishishwa bya hazelnut nka biomass ifite ibimenyetso byiza byo gutwikwa. Byongeye kandi, ibyatsi by ingano byagaragaye ko biboneka cyane hamwe n’ingaruka ku bidukikije biterwa n’imikorere isanzwe yo gutwika ibyatsi n’ibiti. Ingano ni igihingwa kinini muri Chili, gihingwa kuri ha 286 000 kandi gitanga toni miliyoni 1.8 z'ibyatsi buri mwaka.

Kubireba ibishishwa bya hazelnut, nubwo iyi biomass ishobora gutwikwa mu buryo butaziguye, ubushakashatsi bwibanze ku mikoreshereze y’umusaruro wa pellet. Impamvu iri mu guhangana n’ingorabahizi yo kubyara ibicanwa bikomoka ku bimera bihuye n’ukuri kwaho, aho politiki rusange yatumye hasimburwa amashyiga y’ibiti n’itanura rya pellet, kugira ngo bikemure ibibazo by’umwanda uhumanya ikirere.

Ibisubizo byashimishije, ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekana ko pellet zubahiriza ibipimo byashyizweho kuri pellet zikomoka ku biti ukurikije ISO 17225-1 (2014).

Ku bijyanye n’ibyatsi by ingano, hakozwe ibizamini bya torrefaction hagamijwe kunoza ibintu bimwe na bimwe biranga iyi biomass nkubunini budasanzwe, ubwinshi bwinshi n’agaciro gake karorifike, nibindi.

Torrefaction, inzira yubushyuhe ikorwa mubushyuhe buringaniye munsi yubuso bwa inert, yatejwe imbere cyane cyane kubisigazwa byubuhinzi. Ibisubizo byambere byerekana kwiyongera gukomeye kwingufu zagumishijwe hamwe nagaciro ka calorificateur mugihe gikora kiri munsi ya 150 ℃.

Icyitwa pellet yumukara cyakozwe mubipimo byindege hamwe niyi biomass ya torrefied yaranzwe hakurikijwe ISO 17225-1 (2014). Ibisubizo byari byiza, bigera ku kwiyongera k'ubucucike bugaragara buva kuri 469 kg kuri m³ bugera kuri 568 kg kuri m³ bitewe na torrefaction mbere yo kuvura.

Inzitizi zitegereje zigamije gushakisha ikoranabuhanga rigabanya ibikomoka kuri mikorobe mu ngano zangiza ingano kugira ngo tugere ku bicuruzwa bishobora kwinjira ku isoko ry’igihugu, bifasha mu guhangana n’ibibazo by’ibidukikije bigira ingaruka ku gihugu.